Angiogenesis

INTRODUCTION

Angiogenesis: The formation of new blood vessels is known as angiogenesis. Endothelial cells, which line the inside wall of blood vessels, migrate, grow, and differentiate during this process.

ANGIOGENESIS

Angiogenesis is the process by which the body creates new blood vessels.

This is a normal part of the healing and growth process. Angiogenesis can, however, play a role in diseases such as cancer.

SYMPTOMS

Symptoms of angiogenesis vary according to types of diseases. Listed below are several examples of diseases associated with angiogenesis and the symptoms to look out for:

DISEASE	SYMPTOMS
Diabetic retinopathy	Loss of vision
Rheumatoid arthritis	Pain and immobility from destroyed cartilage
Atherosclerotic plaques	Chest pain and dyspnoea
Endometriosis	Abdominal pain from intraperitoneal bleeding
Crohn's disease	Intestinal bleeding
Psoriasis	Persistent severe itching
Uterine fibroids	Vaginal bleeding and abdominal bleeding
Benign prostatic hypertrophy	Urinary retention
Cancer	Bleeding, thrombosis, anaemia. abdominal ascites, bone pain, seizures from cerebral oedema around the tumor and others

WHAT CAUSES THE DISEASE?

Chemical signals in the body control the process of angiogenesis. Certain signals, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bind to receptors on the surface of healthy endothelial cells.

Signals that encourage the formation and survival of new blood vessels are started inside endothelial cells when VEGF and other endothelial growth factors attach to their receptors. A different class of chemical signals known as angiogenesis inhibitors prevents the growth of blood vessels.

CURRENT TREATMENTS

Numerous angiogenesis inhibitors have received FDA approval for the treatment of cancer. VEGF, its receptor, or other particular molecules involved in angiogenesis were the focus of the majority of these targeted therapies. Among the approved inhibitors of angiogenesis are:

Hemorrhage, blood clots in the arteries that can lead to stroke or heart attack, hypertension, delayed wound healing, reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, a brain condition, and protein in the urine are all potential side effects of VEGF-targeting angiogenesis inhibitor therapy. Additionally, fistulas and intestinal perforations seem to be uncommon side effects of several angiogenesis inhibitors.

The VEGF receptor-targeting anti-angiogenesis drugs also cause fatigue, diarrhea, biochemical hypothyroidism, hand-foot syndrome, heart failure, and hair abnormalities.

WHAT WE OFFER?

EXOSOME THERAPY - CELLTIX

CelltiX is a type of extracellular vesicle from Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) manufactured in a cGMP-compliant facility. It is a novel form of a major paracrine factor released by MSCs into a culture medium, which plays an important role in a wide range of biological processes.

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STEM CELL THERAPHY - CELLTIMAX

CelltiMax is a product derived from human umbilical cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). The cells are cultured, then administered to the patient via intramuscular or intravenous injection.

The cells have low immunogenicity making them safe, well-tolerated and free of side effects. They have the ability to differentiate into specialized cells with specific functions for various parts of the body, and can reduce inflammation, repair, renew, regenerate, and replace damaged cells.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN STEM CELLS AND EXOSOMES

CRITERIAS	STEM CELLS	EXOSOMES
Definition	Stem cells are unspecialized cells of the human body	Extracellular vesicles, which is the medical term for tiny bubbles that are released from stem cells
Function	Unique, can become any type of cell, and they act as both building blocks and repair mechanisms in your body	Carry genetic information and proteins to cells throughout your body, and they create paths for communication between cells
Origins	Donor stem cells are placed in your body and are guided into becoming specific cells in the body to replace and repair diseased cells	Exosomes are extracted from donated human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and sterilized
Growth Factors	Less amount of growth factors compared to exosomes	Exosomes contain nearly three times the amount of growth factors. More growth factors mean a better ability to restore and revitalize target cells
Administration	IV Stem Cell Therapy (Intravenous administration) Intrathecal (directly into the spinal canal) Site injections into problem areas (Knee, hips, hands, etc)	Intravenous (IV) therapy Direct injection in the treatment area

BENEFITS OF OUR TREATMENTS

STEM CELL THERAPY	EXOSOME THERAPY
Improve bodies' natural healing abilities	High stabililty
Modulate the immune system	Low toxicity and immunogenicity
Locate and reduce areas of inflammation	High penetration
Replace damaged and diseased cells	Enhanced delivery efficiency

HOW IT WORKS?

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have been shown to alter the tumor microenvironment to reduce angiogenesis or neovascularization. In addition to causing tumor cells to die, MSCs can also limit angiogenesis by interacting with endothelial cells to cut off the flow of nutrients to the tumor cells.

According to a study, high concentrations of MSCs prevent the growth of blood vessels by releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas low concentrations of MSCs can encourage the growth of blood vessels in tumors by secreting proangiogenic substances and developing into pericytes.

Diagram A shows the gross image and histological analysis of Gil36 and Gil36/MSC co-cultured tumor section while diagram B displays the scheme of anti-angiogenesis of MSC when co-cultured with Gli36 cell. Lastly, diagram C shows the schematic figure of capillary degeneration induced by connexin-43 gap junctional channel between MSC and endothelial cell.

The tumor anti-angiogenesis processes induced by mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)

TALK TO US

If you believe that our treatment options may be able to improve your condition and enhance your quality of life, please contact us to schedule a complimentary consultation with one of our in-house clinical specialists. Our consultations are available in both Malay and English language.