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The normal use of glucose in non-diabetic state
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Normal physiology in non-diabetic individuals is characterized by the pancreas secreting digestive enzymes and hormones such as glucagon and insulin into the bloodstream to regulate glucose levels in the body. The release of insulin allows glucose to enter cells in the body, specifically muscle and liver cells, where it is then metabolized to produce energy. When the level of insulin is high, the liver stops its production of glucose and stores it in other forms until needed. When blood glucose levels are low, glucagon is secreted instead in order to promote the release of glucose stored in the liver. |
Pathology of type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction where the individual's immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells, which are the cells that produce insulin. Hence, the production of insulin is stopped. |
Pathology of type 2 diabetesType 2 diabetes develops when either the body does not produce sufficient insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. This normally starts as insulin resistance. This disorder occurs when the cells do not use insulin properly, and as the need for insulin rises, the pancreas becomes unable to produce it, resulting in the accumulation of glucose in the blood instead. |
Drug |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Insulin and Analogues |
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Biguanides |
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Sulfonylureas and glinides |
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Sodium Glucose Co Transporter Inhibitor |
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DPP-4 Inhibitor |
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GLP-1 Agonist |
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Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor |
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CELLULAR THERAPY - SCITRONScitron is a Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), derived from human umbilical cords. Upon treatment, the cultured cells are injected intramuscularly or intravenously into the patient. The cells are characterized by low immunogenicity, making them very safe, tolerable, and free of side effects.
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STEM CELL THERAPY - CELLTIMAXCelltiMax is a product derived from human umbilical cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). The cells are cultured, then administered to the patient via intramuscular or intravenous injection.
The cells have low immunogenicity making them safe, well-tolerated and free of side effects. They have the ability to differentiate into specialized cells with specific functions for various parts of the body, and can reduce inflammation, repair, renew, regenerate, and replace damaged cells. |
Stem Cell Therapy |
Improve bodies' natural healing abilities |
Modulate the immune system |
Locate and reduce areas of inflammation |
Replace damaged and diseased cells |
The potential role of MSCs in the regeneration of pancreatic β-cell mass and in controlling diabetic microvascular complications
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Type 1 diabetes
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CELL TISSUE TECHNOLOGY SDN BHD
Malaysia's FIRST Tissue Engineering Firm |
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