Diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus: Diabetes is a common chronic illness, a type of metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia where levels of sugar in the blood are too high. Those with diabetes are also at risk of hypoglycaemia, which is when the blood sugar level is too low.

DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes is mainly caused by insufficient secretion of insulin or resistance towards the insulin and is divided into three types: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is known as insulin-dependent, as patients with this type of diabetes require daily insulin administration due to insufficient endogenous insulin as a result of autoimmune destruction on pancreatic beta cells.
Type 2 diabetes is non-insulin dependent and is due to the body's ineffective use of the insulin produced. This type of diabetes is mostly the result of being overweight, obesity, as well as lack of physical activity.
Gestational diabetes is caused by hyperglycemia in the blood glucose levels where the values exceed normal but are still insufficient to be diagnosed as diabetic and occurs during pregnancy.

SYMPTOMS

Frequent thirst
Unintentional weight loss
Constant hunger
Blurry vision
Numbing or tingling in the hands or feet
Constant exhaustion
Dehydrated skin
Slow-healing sores
Frequent infections
Frequent urination, especially more often at night

WHAT CAUSES THE DISEASE?

The normal use of glucose in non-diabetic state

Normal physiology in non-diabetic individuals is characterized by the pancreas secreting digestive enzymes and hormones such as glucagon and insulin into the bloodstream to regulate glucose levels in the body. The release of insulin allows glucose to enter cells in the body, specifically muscle and liver cells, where it is then metabolized to produce energy. When the level of insulin is high, the liver stops its production of glucose and stores it in other forms until needed. When blood glucose levels are low, glucagon is secreted instead in order to promote the release of glucose stored in the liver.

The difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Pathology of type 1 diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction, where the individual's immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells, which are the cells that produce insulin. Hence, the production of insulin is stopped.

Pathology of type 2 diabetes:
Type 2 diabetes develops when either the body does not produce sufficient insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. This normally starts as insulin resistance. This disorder occurs when the cells do not use insulin properly, and as the need for insulin rises, the pancreas becomes unable to produce it, resulting in the accumulation of glucose in the blood instead.

CURRENT TREATMENT

Drug	Advantages	Disadvantages
Insulin and Analogues	Adequate lowering of blood glucose Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Anti-platelet Anti-hyperlipidemic effects	Hypoglycaemia Requires continuous injection subcutaneously Requires regular monitoring
Biguanides	Adequate lowering of blood glucose Less chance of hypoglycaemia Lower cost	Risk of : lactic acidosis heart failure hepatic cirrhosis sepsis
Sulfonylureas and glinides	Adequate lowering of blood glucose Less invasive as oral route is implemented	Cardiovascular complications Hypoglycemia
Sodium Glucose Co Transporter Inhibitor	Moderate glucose lowering Reduced risk of hypoglycemia	Glycosuria UTI
DPP-4 Inhibitor	Moderate glucose lowering Increased hepatic glucose production	Weight gain Hypoglycaemia
GLP-1 Agonist	Adequate lowering of blood glucose No hypoglycaemia	Weight loss GIT Pancreatic side effects
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor	Mild blood glucose lowering No hypoglycaemia Post-prandial hypoglycaemia	GIT problems

WHAT WE OFFER?

CELLULAR THERAPY - SCITRON

Scitron is a product derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), obtained from human umbilical cords Upon treatment, the cultured cells are injected intramuscularly or intravenously into the patient. The cells are characterized by low immunogenicity, making them very safe, well-tolerated and free of side effects.

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STEM CELL THERAPY - CELLTIMAX

CelltiMax is a product derived from human umbilical cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). The cells are cultured, then administered to the patient via intramuscular or intravenous injection.

The cells have low immunogenicity making them safe, well-tolerated and free of side effects. They have the ability to differentiate into specialized cells with specific functions for various parts of the body, and can reduce inflammation, repair, renew, regenerate, and replace damaged cells.

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BENEFITS OF OUR TREATMENTS

Stem Cell Therapy

Improve the body's natural healing abilities.

Modulate the immune system

Locate and reduce areas of inflammation

Replace damaged and diseased cells

HOW IT WORKS?

The potential role of MSCs in the regeneration of pancreatic β-cell mass and in controlling diabetic microvascular complications

Type 1 diabetes

Replaces the damaged pancreatic β-cells through direct differentiation
Alter the pancreatic microenvironment to allow endogenous regeneration of pancreatic β-cells
Stop autoimmunity activity towards pancreatic β-cells
MSCs secrete growth factors that play an important role in the pancreatic repair and functional improvement through paracrine effects
MSCs also prevent apoptosis of injured pancreatic cells besides enhancing regeneration of endogenous progenitor cells

Type 2 diabetes

Have the ability to differentiate into insulin producing cells
Can induce the islet cells regeneration process
Provide protection to the endogenous islet cells
Can improve the body’s insulin resistance

The mechanism by which MSCs act on type 2 diabetes

TALK TO US

If you believe that our treatment options may be able to improve your condition and enhance your quality of life, please contact us to schedule a complimentary consultation with one of our in-house clinical specialists. Our consultations are available in both Malay and English language.