PARKINSON'S DISEASEParkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, after Alzheimer's disease. It is a progressive disorder caused by the death of nerve cells in the brain, leading to damage in the central nervous system over time.
The development of PD is thought to be a result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, which are not yet fully understood. |
The four main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease:
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Other symptoms that may also be present:
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Parkinson's disease is caused by the gradual loss of cells in the substantia nigra of the brain, which is responsible for producing dopamine, a chemical messenger that coordinates activity between different regions of the brain.
The insufficient levels of dopamine in the striatum lead to the nerve cells in this region firing uncontrollably, making it difficult for the individual to control their movements. As the disease progresses, other areas of the brain and nervous system also degenerate, resulting in more severe movement disorders. |
The visualization of the dopamine pathway affected in Parkinson's patients
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In healthy individuals, the autophagic process and lysosomal clearance help degrade proteins and debris in cells. However, in individuals with Parkinson's disease, these pathways are obstructed, leading to the accumulation of aggregated proteins.
The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) proteins into clusters known as Lewy Bodies is believed to be toxic and can be transmitted from neuron to neuron, spreading the disease throughout the brain. Furthermore, the interaction of α-syn with synaptobrevin-2 can result in synaptic dysfunction. |
Illustration of the comparison between healthy and implicated pathways for α-syn toxicity
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EXOSOME THERAPY - CELLTIXCelltiX is an extracted communicating vesicle derived from Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). CelltiX is prepared in our state-of-the-art cGMP facility.
CelltiX is a new type of major paracrine factor released by MSCs into a culture medium playing an important function in a multitude of biological processes. |
STEM CELL THERAPY - CELLTIMAXCelltiMax is Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) derived from human umbilical cords. Upon treatment, the cultured cells are injected intramuscularly / intravenously into the patient.
The cells are characterized by low immunogenicity. Hence, it is very safe, tolerable, and free of side effects. It has the capability to differentiate into specialized cells with specific functions for many parts of the body. They can reduce inflammation, repair, renew, regenerate, and replace damaged cells. |
Criterias |
Stem Cells |
Exosomes |
Definitions |
Stem cells are unspecialized cells of the human body |
Extracellular vesicles, which is the medical term for tiny bubbles that are released from stem cells |
Function |
Unique, can become any type of cell, and they act as both building blocks and repair mechanisms in your body |
Carry genetic information and proteins to cells throughout your body, and they create paths for communication between cells |
Origins |
Donor stem cells are placed in your body and are guided into becoming specific cells in the body to replace and repair diseased cells |
Exosomes are extracted from donated human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and sterilized |
Growth Factors |
Less amount of growth factors compared to exosomes |
Exosomes contain nearly three times the amount of growth factors. More growth factors mean a better ability to restore and revitalize target cells |
Administration |
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Stem Cell Therapy |
Exosome Therapy |
Improve bodies' natural healing abilities |
High stabililty |
Modulate the immune system |
Low toxicity and immunogenicity |
Locate and reduce areas of inflammation |
High penetration |
Replace damaged and diseased cells |
Enhanced delivery efficiency |
Stem Cell TherapyStem cell therapy mainly aims to replace the destroyed brain cells in individuals with Parkinson’s disease with healthy, undifferentiated stem cells.
The stem cells then differentiate into brain cells and aid in regulating dopamine levels thus, this can relieve many symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Overview of how stem cell therapy helps treat Parkinson's disease
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Exosome TherapyExosome therapy on the other hand, mainly focuses on reducing intracellular α-syn levels.
Alternatively, levels of α-syn proteins are reduced through fusion with lysosomes for degradation or encompassed into autophagosomes and then degraded via the traditional autophagic pathway following fusion with lysosomes to produce the autophagolysosome. In addition, amphisomes can also be degraded by the lysosome. Overview of how exosome therapy helps lower levels of a-syn proteins
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CELL TISSUE TECHNOLOGY SDN BHD
Malaysia's FIRST Tissue Engineering Firm |
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